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Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), in the context of computer science, is a discipline and a set of cognitive and intellectual capabilities expressed by computer systems or combinations of algorithms whose purpose is the creation of machines that imitate human intelligence to perform tasks, and that they can improve as they gather information
It became present shortly after the Second World War with the development of the Turing test, while the phrase was coined in 1956 by computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference
Today, artificial intelligence covers a wide variety of subfields
These range from general purpose areas, learning and perception, to more specific areas such as speech recognition, playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry and diagnosing diseases
Artificial intelligence synthesizes and automates tasks that are in principle intellectual and is therefore potentially relevant to any area of human intellectual activities
In this sense, it is a genuinely universal field
The architecture of artificial intelligence and the processes by which they learn, improve and are implemented in some area of interest varies depending on the usefulness approach that you want to give them
But in general, these range from the execution of simple algorithms to the interconnection of complex artificial neural networks that try to replicate the neural circuits of the human brain and that learn through different learning models such as machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and supervised learning
On the other hand, the development and application of artificial intelligence in many aspects of daily life has also led to the creation of new fields of study such as roboethics and machine ethics that address aspects related to ethics in artificial intelligence
They are responsible for analyzing how advances in this type of technology would impact various areas of life, as well as the responsible and ethical management that should be given to them, in addition to establishing what should be the correct way to proceed. machines and the rules they should follow
Regarding its classification, artificial intelligence is traditionally divided into weak artificial intelligence, which is the only one that currently exists and is responsible for carrying out specific tasks, and general artificial intelligence, which would be an AI that exceeds the capabilities human
Some experts believe that if this level is ever reached, it could lead to the emergence of a technological singularity, that is, a superior technological entity that would constantly improve itself, becoming uncontrollable by humans, giving rise to theories such as Roko's basilisk
Some of the most well known and currently used artificial intelligences around the world include artificial intelligence in the field of health, virtual assistants such as Alexa, Google Assistant or Siri, automatic translators such as Google Translate and DeepL, recommendation systems such as that of the YouTube digital platform, chess engines and other games such as Stockfish and AlphaZero, chatbots such as ChatGPT, creators of artificial intelligence art like Midjourney, Dall-e, Leonardo and Stable Diffusion, and even driving autonomous vehicles like Tesla Autopilot
Likewise, artificial intelligence is being developed on the digital platform more and more, evolving and creating new tools, such as the labor platform that has existed since 2023 called SIVIUM
A tool through which a person applies automatically to all job offers from all job portals, without having to review each job offer that is presented and send their CV one by one
Description
In 2019, the UNESCO World Commission on Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) defined artificial intelligence as:
Field that involves machines capable of imitating certain functionalities of human intelligence, including characteristics such as perception, learning, reasoning, problem solving, linguistic interaction, and even the production of creative works
Colloquially, the locution artificial intelligence applies when a machine imitates the functions cognitive that humans associate as human competencies, for example: perceive, reason, learn and solve problems
Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define artificial intelligence as:
The ability of a system to correctly interpret external data, and thus learn and use that knowledge to achieve specific tasks and goals through flexible adaptation
As machines become increasingly capable, technology once thought to require intelligence is removed from the definition
Marvin Minsky, one of the creators of AI, spoke of the term artificial intelligence as a suitcase word because a variety of elements can be put in it
For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of artificial intelligence, having become a common technology
Technological advances still classified as artificial intelligence are autonomous driving systems or those capable of playing chess or Go
Artificial intelligence is a new way of solving problems, which includes expert systems, the management and control of robots and processors, which attempts to integrate knowledge into such systems, in other words, an intelligent system capable of writing its own program
An expert system defined as a programming structure capable of storing and using knowledge about a specific area that translates into its learning capacity
In the same way, AI can be considered as the ability of machines to use algorithms, learn from data and use what they learn in making decisions just as a human being would do
According to Takeyas (2007)
AI is a branch of computer science responsible for studying computing models capable of carrying out activities typical of human beings based on two of their primary characteristics: reasoning and behavior
In 1956, John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence, and defined it as:
The science and ingenuity of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs
There are also different types of perceptions and actions, which can be obtained and produced, respectively, by physical sensors and mechanical sensors in machines, electrical or optical pulses in computers, as well as by bit inputs and outputs of software and its software environment
Several examples are in the area of system control, automatic planning, the ability to respond to diagnostics and consumer inquiries, handwriting recognition, speech recognition and pattern recognition
AI systems are currently part of the routine in fields such as economics, medicine, engineering, transportation, communications and the military, and have been used in a wide variety of computer programs, strategy games, such as computer chess, and other video games
Types
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig differentiate several types of artificial intelligence:
- Systems that think like humans: These systems try to emulate human thinking; for example, artificial neural networks. The automation of activities that we link with human thought processes, activities such as decision making, problem solving and learning
- Systems that act like humans: These systems try to act like humans; that is, they imitate human behavior; for example, robotics (The study of how to get computers to perform tasks that, at the moment, humans do better)
- Systems that think rationally: That is, with logic (ideally), they try to imitate the rational thinking of human beings; for example, expert systems, (the study of the calculations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act)
- Systems that act rationally: They try to rationally emulate human behavior; for example, intelligent agents, which is related to intelligent behaviors in artifacts
Generative artificial intelligence
Generative artificial intelligence is a type of artificial intelligence system capable of generating text, images or other media in response to commands
Generative AI models learn the patterns and structure of their input training data and then generate new data that has similar characteristics
Notable generative AI systems include ChatGPT (and its Microsoft Copilot variant), a chatbot built by OpenAI using its foundational large language models GPT-3 and GPT-4; and Bard, a chatbot built by Google using Gemini
Other generative AI models include AI art systems like Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E
Strong artificial intelligence
Strong Artificial Intelligence (SAI) is a hypothetical type of artificial intelligence that equals or exceeds average human intelligence
If it became a reality, an SAI could learn to perform any intellectual task that humans or animals can perform
Alternatively, the SAI has been defined as an autonomous system that exceeds human capabilities in most economically valuable tasks
Some argue that it could be possible in years or decades; others, that it could take a century or more; and a minority believes that it may never be achieved
There is debate about the exact definition of SAI and whether modern large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, are early but incomplete forms of SAI
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable artificial intelligence refers to methods and techniques in the application of artificial intelligence technology by which humans are able to understand the decisions and predictions made by artificial intelligence
Friendly artificial intelligence
Friendly artificial intelligence is a hypothetical strong AI that can have a positive rather than a negative effect on humanity
Friendly is used in this context as technical terminology and chooses agents that are safe and useful, not necessarily those that are friendly in the colloquial sense
The concept is invoked primarily in the context of discussions of artificial recursive self-enhancing agents that rapidly explode into intelligence, with the argument that this hypothetical technology could have a long, fast and difficult task of controlling the impact on human society
Multimodal artificial intelligence
Multimodal artificial intelligence is a type of artificial intelligence that can process and integrate data from different modalities, such as text, images, audio and video, to obtain a more complete and contextualized understanding of a situation
Multimodal artificial intelligence is inspired by the way humans use multiple senses to perceive and interact with the world, offering a more natural and intuitive way to communicate with technology
Quantum artificial intelligence
Quantum artificial intelligence is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on building quantum algorithms to improve computational tasks within AI, including subfields such as machine learning
There is evidence that shows a possible quantum quadratic advantage in fundamental AI operations
Schools of thought
AI is divided into two schools of thought:
Conventional artificial intelligence
It is also known as symbolic-deductive AI
It is based on the formal and statistical analysis of human behavior when faced with different problems:
- Case-based reasoning: It helps to make decisions while solving certain specific problems and, apart from being very important, they require good functioning
- Expert systems: They infer a solution through prior knowledge of the context in which certain rules or relationships are applied and used
- Bayesian networks: Propose solutions through probabilistic inference
- Behavior-based artificial intelligence: This intelligence contains autonomy, that is, it can self-regulate and control itself to improve
- Smart process management: Facilitates complex decision making, proposing a solution to a given problem just as a specialist in said activity would do
Computational artificial intelligence
Computational artificial intelligence (also known as subsymbolic-inductive AI) involves interactive development or learning (for example, interactive modifications of parameters in connection systems)
The knowledge is achieved based on empiric facts
Computational artificial intelligence has a dual purpose
On the one hand, its scientific objective is to understand the principles that enable intelligent behavior (whether in natural or artificial systems) and, on the other, its technological objective is to specify the methods for designing intelligent systems
History
The expression artificial intelligence it was formally coined in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference, but by then it had already been worked on for five years in which many different definitions had been proposed that in no case had managed to be fully accepted by the research community
AI is one of the most recent disciplines along with modern genetics
The most basic ideas date back to the ancient Greeks
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the first to describe a set of rules that describe a part of the functioning of the mind to obtain rational conclusions, and Ctesibius of Alexandria (250 BC) built the first self-controlled machine, a water flow regulator (rational but without reasoning)
In 1315 Ramon Llull in his book Ars magna had the idea that reasoning could be carried out artificially
In 1840 Ada Lovelace foresaw the ability of machines to go beyond simple calculations and provided the first idea of what software would be
Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852-1936) is considered one of the fathers of artificial intelligence and automation
In 1936 Alan Turing formally designed a Universal Machine that demonstrated the feasibility of a physical device to implement any formally defined computation
In 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts presented their model of artificial neurons, which is considered the first work in the field, even though the term did not yet exist. The first important advances began in the early 1950s with the work of Alan Turing, from which science has gone through various situations
In 1955, Herbert Simon, Allen Newell and Joseph Carl Shaw developed the first problem-solving programming language, IPL-11
A year later they developed the LogicTheorist, which was capable of proving mathematical theorems
In 1956 the expression was devised artificial intelligence by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and Claude Shannon at the Dartmouth Conference, a conference in which triumphalist ten-year predictions were made that were never fulfilled, leading to the almost total abandonment of research for fifteen years
In 1957 Newell and Simon continued their work with the development of the General Problem Solver (GPS)
GPS was a problem solving system
In 1958 John McCarthy developed LISP at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Its name is derived from LISt Processor
LISP was the first language for symbolic processing
In 1959 Rosenblatt introduced the perceptrón
In the late 1950s and early 1960s Robert K. Lindsay developed Sad Sam, a program for reading sentences in English and inferring conclusions from their interpretation
In 1963 Quillian developed semantic networks as a knowledge representation model
In 1964 Bertrand Raphael built the SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval) system which was capable of inferring knowledge based on information provided to it
Also in 1964, Daniel G. Bobrow developed STUDENT as his doctoral thesis
STUDENT was a program written in Lisp that read and solved algebra problems
In the mid-60s, expert systems appeared, which predict the probability of a solution under a set of conditions
For example:
- DENDRAL: initiated in 1965 by Buchanan, Feigenbaum and Lederberg, the first Expert System, which assisted chemists in complex chemical structures
- MACSYMA: which assisted engineers and scientists in solving complex mathematical equations
Later, between 1968-1970, Terry Winograd developed the SHRDLU system, which allowed interrogating and giving orders to a robot that moved within a world of blocks
In 1968 Marvin Minsky published Semantic Information Processing
Also in 1968 Seymour Papert, Danny Bobrow and Wally Feurzeig developed the LOGO programming language
In 1969 Alan Kay developed the Smalltalk language at Xerox PARC and it was published in 1980
In 1973 Alain Colmenauer and his research team at the University of Aix-Marseille created PROLOG (from the French PROgrammation in LOGique) a programming language widely used in AI
In 1973 Shank and Abelson developed scripts, pillars of many current techniques in artificial intelligence and computing in general
In 1974 Edward Shortliffe wrote his thesis with MYCIN, one of the best-known Expert Systems, which assisted doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of blood infections
In the 1970s and 1980s, the use of expert systems grew, such as MYCIN: R1/XCON, ABRL, PIP, PUFF, CASNET, INTERNIST/CADUCEUS, etc
Some remain to this day (Shells) such as EMYCIN, EXPERT, OPSS
In 1981 Kazuhiro Fuchi announced the Japanese project for the fifth generation of computers
In 1986 McClelland and Rumelhart published Parallel Distributed Processing (Neural Networks)
In 1988, Object Oriented languages were established
In 1997 Gari Kasparov, world chess champion, loses to the autonomous computer Deep Blue
In 2006 the anniversary was celebrated with the Congress in Spanish 50 years of artificial intelligence (Campus Multidisciplinar en Percepción e Inteligencia 2006)
In 2009, there were already intelligent therapeutic systems in development that allow detecting emotions to be able to interact with autistic children
In 2011, IBM developed a supercomputer called Watson, which won a round of three games in a row of Jeopardy!, beating its two top champions, and winning a $1 million prize that IBM then donated to charity
In 2016, a computer program beat the three-time European Go champion five to zero
Also in 2016, then-President Obama talks about the future of artificial intelligence and technology
In the chats, chatbots appear that dialogue with people and they do not realize that they are talking to a program
Which proves that the Turing test is fulfilled as when it was formulated:
Artificial intelligence will exist when we are not able to distinguish between a human being and a computer program in a blind conversation
In 2017, AlphaGo developed by DeepMind defeated world champion Lee Sedol 4-1 in a Go competition
This event received a lot of media attention and marked a milestone in the history of this game
At the end of that same year, Stockfish, the chess engine considered the best in the world with 3,400 ELO points
He was overwhelmingly defeated by AlphaZero just by knowing the rules of the game and after only 4 hours of training playing against himself
Anecdotally, many AI researchers argue that:
Intelligence is a program capable of being executed independently of the machine that executes it, computer or brain
In 2018, the first television with artificial intelligence is launched by LG Electronics with a platform called ThinQ
In 2019, Google presented its Doodle in which, with the help of artificial intelligence, it pays tribute to Johann Sebastian Bach, in which, by adding a simple two-bar melody, the AI creates the rest
In 2020, the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) publishes the working document entitled Hello world: Artificial intelligence and its use in the public sector, aimed at government officials with the aim of highlighting the importance of AI and its practical applications in the government sphere
At the end of the year 2022, it was launched ChatGPT, a generative artificial intelligence capable of writing texts and answering questions in many languages
Since the quality of the answers was initially reminiscent of the human level, global enthusiasm for AI was generated and ChatGPT reached more than 100 million users two months after its launch
Later, experts noted that ChatGPT provides misinformation in areas where you have no knowledge (“data hallucinations”), which at first glance seems credible due to its perfect wording
In 2023, AI-generated photos reached a level of realism that made them look like real photos
As a result, there was a wave of AI-generated “photos” that many viewers believed were real
An image generated by Midjourney stood out, showing Pope Francis in a stylish white winter coat
Faced with the possibility of creating machines endowed with intelligence, it became important to be concerned with the ethical question of machines in order to try to ensure that no harm is caused to human beings, to other living beings and even to the machines themselves according to some schools of thought
This is how a broad field of studies known as the ethics of artificial intelligence emerged, relatively recently emerging and generally divided into two branches, roboethics, responsible for studying the actions of human beings towards robots, and the ethics of machines in charge of studying the behavior of robots towards human beings
The accelerated technological and scientific development of artificial intelligence that has occurred in the 21st century also has a significant impact on other fields
In the world economy, during the second industrial revolution, a phenomenon known as technological unemployment was experienced, which refers to when industrial automation of large scale production processes replaces human labor
A similar phenomenon could occur with artificial intelligence, especially in the processes in which human intelligence intervenes, as illustrated in the story How much fun they had! of Isaac Asimov
In it, its author glimpses some of the effects that the interaction of intelligent machines specialized in children's pedagogy, instead of human teachers, would have with children in school
This same writer designed what are known today as the three laws of robotics, which appeared for the first time in his story Runaround of 1942, where it established the following:
- First Law: A robot will not harm a human being nor allow a human being to come to harm
- Second Law A robot must follow orders given by humans, except for those that conflict with the first law
- Third Law A robot must protect its own existence to the extent that this protection does not conflict with the first or second law
Other works of science fiction in cinema:
| Year | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1927 | Metropolis | In the future of the year 2000, the megalopolis of Metropolis, society is divided into two classes, the rich who have the power and the means of production, surrounded by luxuries, large spaces and gardens, and the workers, condemned to live in dramatic conditions. imprisoned in an underground ghetto, where the industrial heart of the city is located
Incited by a robot, they rebel against the intellectual class that has power, threatening to destroy the city that is on the surface, but Freder, son of the leader of Metropolis, with the help of María, of humble origins, will try to prevent the destruction. appealing to feelings and love The son then warns his father that the workers might rebel |
| 1956 | Forbidden Planet | The crew of a starship in the 23rd century will investigate the silence of a colony from a distant planet
Only to find two survivors, a powerful robot, and the deadly secret of a lost civilization |
| 1965 | Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution | Journalist Ivan Johnson arrives in Alphaville, a futuristic city located on another planet, following the trail of Professor Von Braun
The other agents who preceded him, Dick Tracy and Flash Gordon, have died Von Braun, nicknamed Nosferatu, is the creator of Alpha 60, the machine that commands the mental life of the city's inhabitants |
| 1968 | 2001: A Space Odyssey | It narrates the various periods in the history of humanity, not only of the past, but also of the future
Millions of years ago, before the appearance of "homo sapiens", primates discovered a monolith that led them to a higher stage of intelligence Millions of years later, another monolith, buried on a moon, arouses the interest of scientists Finally, during a NASA mission, HAL 9000, a machine equipped with artificial intelligence, is responsible for controlling all the systems of a manned spacecraft HAL turns against the crew and the sole survivor must confront the machine to disconnect it |
| 1970 | Colossus: The Forbin Project | In the middle of the Cold War, Dr. Charles Forbin develops a very sophisticated security and communications system that works through a powerful supercomputer called Colossus
Its objective is to guarantee the defense of the United States and the entire world and preserve peace regardless of human decisions Once in operation, Colossus detects the existence of Guardian, a very similar Russian system, and begins to make the necessary decisions to prevent the outbreak of a nuclear war |
| 1972 | Silent Running | In the 21st century, on a space station, Valley Forge, located in the orbit of Saturn, botanist Freeman Lowell is responsible for keeping the last botanical species on Earth alive, but he is ordered to destroy them
Faced with this situation, Lowell will desperately end up hijacking the Valley Forge, killing the rest of its crew and fleeing beyond the rings of Saturn in the company of Huey and Dewey, two maintenance robots that he ends up reprogramming also for gardening work, among many other things in his space adventure to defend the last natural resources he has to survive |
| 1973 | Westworld | In the near future there is a gigantic holiday park divided into three zones: Imperial Rome, the American West and Medieval Europe
Each one of them reproduces with complete fidelity the characteristics of each era There is also the possibility that those who can afford the luxury can live their own adventures at the chosen time A couple of friends, Peter Martin and John Blane, have gone to the park on vacation Everything is perfectly controlled until the robots that act as extras begin to fail, specifically a relentless gunman designed to relentlessly pursue his victims |
| 1979 | Alien | Returning to Earth, the cargo ship Nostromo interrupts its journey and awakens its seven crew members
The central computer, MOTHER, has detected the mysterious transmission of an unknown life form, coming from a nearby apparently uninhabited planet The ship then heads to the strange planet to investigate the origin of the communication |
| 1982 | Blade Runner | In November 2019, at the beginning of the 21st century, the powerful Tyrell Corporation created, thanks to advances in genetic engineering, a robot called Nexus 6, a being virtually identical to man but superior to him in strength and agility, which was gave the name Replicant
Built under the motto “More human than humans” These robots worked as slaves in the outer colonies of Earth After the bloody rebellion of a Nexus-6 team, the Replicators were banished from Earth Special police brigades, the Blade Runners, had orders to kill all those who had not complied with the sentence But this was not called execution, it was called “retirement” After a serious incident, former Blade Runner Rick Deckard is called back into service to find and “retire” some rogue replicants |
| 1982 | Tron | A hacker is divided into molecules and transported to the bowels of a computer in which an evil program controls behavior at will |
| 1983 | War Games | David Lightman is a young hacker, a computer expert capable of bypassing the most advanced security systems and deciphering the most hermetic secret codes
One day he accidentally connects his computer to that of the American Department of Defense, in charge of the nuclear defense system Thinking that what he has found are new computer games, David plays checkers, chess, and other more intriguing games like Global Thermonuclear War with the supercomputer Thus, unintentionally, David triggers a dangerous situation that is difficult to control. With the help of his girlfriend and another computer scientist, he will try, in a race against time, to avoid World War III |
| 1984 | The Terminator | Los Angeles, year 2029
Machines rule the world The rebels who fight against them have as their leader John Connor, a man who was born in the eighties To put an end to the rebellion, the machines decide to send a “Terminator” robot to the past whose mission will be to eliminate Sarah Connor, John's mother, and thus prevent his birth |
| 1986 | Aliens | Alien is a perfect organism, a killing machine whose physical superiority can only compete with its aggressiveness
Officer Ripley and the crew of the ship “Nostromo” had faced this monstrous creature in the past And only Ripley survived the massacre After wandering in space for several years, Ripley was rescued During that time, the Alien planet has been colonized But, suddenly, communication with the colony is lost and, to investigate the reasons, an expedition of space marines, led by Ripley, is sent There await thousands of creepy creatures Alien has reproduced and this time the fight is for the survival of Humanity |
| 1986 | Short Circuit | In a robot factory, five models of robots equipped with artificial intelligence are built for peaceful purposes within the SAINT (Strategic Artificially Intelligent Nuclear Transport) project, but those responsible decide that they can also be used for war
The protagonist robots No. 5, during the presentation of the invention, lightning affects the robot; From that moment on, he stops being a military machine and, while fleeing from her, he meets a girl who, taking him for an alien, takes him to her house and gives him the name Johnny 5 |
| 1987 | Robocop | Set in a future society
Detroit Police Officer Alex J. Murphy Killed in the Line of Duty To put an end to crime in the city, the authorities approve the creation of a lethal machine, half robot, half man, which they call Robocop, and to make it they use Murphy's body The experiment seems a success, but the policeman, despite being dead, retains his memory and decides to take revenge on his murderers |
| 1988 | Short Circuit 2 | After the bankruptcy of Nova Robotics due to the incident with prototype n°5, its creator Benjamin Jahrvi, a friend and colleague of Newton Crosby, makes a living selling sophisticated toy robots that he makes by hand on street corners in New York City
Johnny 5 goes out in high spirits in search of a bit of “urban input”, but some gang members, a greedy banker and a gang of thieves see in his naivety a high-tech ticket to a life of luxury and fame |
| 1989 | Cyborg | 21st century, in an apocalyptic future, America is subject to social anarchy where chaos reigns supreme, and over which the danger of a devastating plague that can wipe out the human race looms
Only the beautiful Pearl, half-human, half-robot, has the knowledge necessary to develop a vaccine that can save the world But Pearl is captured by a group of pirates from the future who intend to take the antidote and thus dominate the world Now, only the hero Gibson Rtickenbarker, with his incredible fighting skills and true mastery of the saber, will be able to rescue her and save what remains of civilization |
| 1990/td> | RoboCop 2 | Under a sky devoid of ozone and in a futuristic time, the Detroit police are on strike, and dangerous criminal gangs dominate the population
Addiction to Nuke, a powerful new drug, is our daily bread The megacorporation OCP (Omni Consumer Product), in an attempt to reinforce its relentless empire, intends to take over the city for its own private exploitation The OCP director asks Dr. Faxx to reprogram RoboCop, leaving him unable to fight crime |
| 1991 | Terminator 2: Judgment Day | Sarah Connor, the single mother of the rebel John Connor, is admitted to a psychiatric hospital
Some years earlier, a time traveler had revealed to him that his son would be the savior of humanity in a future year 2029 dominated by machines She then became a kind of warrior and educated her son John in survival tactics This is the reason why she is confined in an asylum When a new improved android, a T-1000, arrives from the future to assassinate John, an older model T-800 is sent to protect him |
| 1992 | Alien3 | After managing to escape with Newt and Bishop from an alien planet, Lieutenant Ellen Ripley accidentally ends up in Fiorna 161, a remote galactic prison whose dangerous inmates are absolutely abandoned to their fate |
| 1992 | The Lawnmower Man | Doctor Lawrence Angelo is a brilliant scientist who studies the possibilities of increasing human intelligence through virtual reality
With this purpose in mind, he chooses his neighborhood lawnmower, Jobe Smith, who agrees to participate in the experiment Over time, sessions with Smith give good results He becomes smarter, can defend himself against the tyrannical Father McKeen, and even beats his childhood friend Peter Parkette in a virtual reality game that Parkette always won before However, the company Angelo works for actually pursues other purposes, and when Smith becomes smarter, the company changes the substances they usually inject him The plan not revealed by the company consists of the development of a soldier with artificially increased capabilities As a result, the experiment makes Smith more intelligent through virtual reality, but the new injected substance also makes him more aggressive Due to his newly acquired behaviors, Smith becomes increasingly dangerous and even homicidal |
| 1992 | Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace | Scientist Dr. Benjamin Trace patents a computer chip, the Chiron Chip, but loses the subsequent legal battle over his rights
Meanwhile, Jobe Smith is revived by businessman Jonathan Walker, but cannot walk Once resurrected, Walker forces him to make a better chip so he can connect with all the computers in the world However, Smith develops his own plans to achieve his own domination of the world Some kids interested in computers and scientists try to thwart Walker and Smith's plans Trace joins the group and together they defeat the villains |
| 1993 | RoboCop 3 | The mega corporation OCP (Omni Consumer Products) remains committed to creating its new city project, Delta City, to replace the degraded Detroit
Unfortunately, the residents of the area have no intention of leaving their homes To do this, the OCP intends to evict them through an army of mercenaries A street guerrilla begins and Robocop must decide which side he is on |
| 1995 | Ghost in the Shell | In the year 2029, after the third nuclear war, in a huge Asian city, lives Motoko Kusanagi, a complete cyborg policewoman, except for her brain and spinal cord
Momoto is the leader of Section 9, a Japanese organization specialized in anti-terrorism and cybercrime Daisuke Aramaki, leader of Section 9, gives them the mission to catch the Puppet Master, a hacker who enters the cyborgs and controls them to commit all kinds of crimes without leaving traces, including murders and terrorism |
| 1997 | Alien Resurrection | More than two hundred years after her death, Ripley is brought back to life using advanced cloning techniques
But, during the process, Ripley's DNA has mixed with that of the Alien Queen, so Ripley begins to develop certain characteristics of the dangerous alien |
| 1997 | Nirvana | A virtual reality game designer, Jimi, who discovers that the protagonist of his game, Solo, has achieved sentience due to a computer virus attack
Terrified, Jimi sets out to delete the game from his employer, Okasama Star's, server before it is released commercially on Christmas Day, thus sparing Solo further suffering |
| 1999 | The Matrix | Thomas Anderson is a computer programmer by day and a hacker named Neo by night
He has been sensing all his life that there is something more, that there is something wrong and that doubt is reaffirmed with a message received on his computer: “The Matrix possesses you” Thus, Neo begins a desperate search for a person he has only heard about: another hacker named Morpheus, someone who can give him the answer to the questions he pursues: What is the Matrix? and why does it possess him? Morpheus and his team, realizing that their enemies are looking for Neo, decide to contact him The hacker Trinity, Morfeo's friend, leads him to him and the answer he seeks But to obtain it he must give up his previous life and everything he had known before The symbol of this process is agreeing to take a red pill; Instead, the blue pill could return him to his current world without, apparently, anything that is happening having happened Neo agrees to take the red pill, forget his life and everything he knows to discover “what the Matrix is” Neo discovers that the world he thought he lived in is nothing more than a virtual simulation to which he is connected by a cable plugged into his brain The billions of humans living (connected) around you are being farmed in the same way to power machines in a post-apocalyptic world Esta ilusión colectiva (o simulación interactiva) es conocida como The Matrix Simulation attempts to recreate the human way of life as it was at the end of the 20th century |
| 2001 | A.I. Artificial Intelligence | In a future world, humans coexist with sophisticated robots called Meccas
Feelings are the only thing that differentiates men from machines But when a robot-boy named David is programmed to love, the men are unprepared for the consequences, and David finds himself alone in a strange and dangerous world Following the hope of being a “real boy” so that his human mother will love him, he goes in search of the “Blue Fairy”, convinced that she will grant him his wish, remembering the story of Pinocchio |
| 2004/td> | I, Robot | Chicago in the year 2035
We live in complete harmony with intelligent robots They cook for us, drive our planes, take care of our children and we trust them completely because they are governed by the Three Laws of Robotics that protect us from any harm Unexpectedly, a robot is involved in the crime of a brilliant scientist and Detective Del Spooner is put in charge of the investigation |
| 2008 | War Games 2 | Teenage hacker Will Farmer begins a dangerous online game simulating terrorist attacks against a government supercomputer called RIPLEY
This next-generation computer is designed to locate potential terrorists For this reason, the NSA (National Security Agency) will believe that the boy is a real threat to the world Will is unaware that this exciting game will make him live a true nightmare: his identity will be exposed, his family and friends in danger, and his city in the crosshairs of an automated military intervention |
| 2003 | Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines | It's been a decade since John Connor saved humanity from destruction
John is currently 25 years old and lives in hiding: there is no documentary evidence of his existence This is how he avoids being tracked by Skynet, the sophisticated machine corporation that once tried to end his life But now, from the future, the T-X, Skynet's most developed cyborg destruction machine, has been sent Its mission is to complete the work that its predecessor, the T-1000, could not finish The T-X is a machine as relentless as its human appearance is beautiful Now Connor's only hope of survival is the Terminator |
| 2003 | Matrix Reloaded | Neo, Morpheus, Trinity and the rest of the crew continue the fight against the machines that have enslaved the human race
Now more humans have been awakened and trying to live in the real world As they increase in number, the battle draws closer to Zion, the last royal city in the world and center of human resistance And he has little time, very little time |
| 2003 | Matrix Revolutions | Everything that has a beginning has an end
War breaks out on the surface of the earth as the machines invade Zion Where Reloaded meant life, Revolutions points to death |
| 2008 | WALL-E | In the year 2800, on a devastated and lifeless planet Earth, after hundreds of lonely years doing what it was built for - cleaning the planet of garbage - the small robot WALL-E (Waste Allocation Load Lifter Earth-Class) discovers a new mission in his life (besides collecting useless things) when he meets a modern and shiny robot explorer called EVE
Both will travel throughout the galaxy and live an exciting and unforgettable adventure |
| 2009 | Terminator Salvation: The Future Begins | Takes place in 2018, after Judgment Day
John Connor is the man destined to lead the human resistance against Skynet and its army of Terminators But Connor's life is altered by the appearance of Marcus Wright, a stranger who claims to have been on death row and to have known his father In a race against time, Connor must find out if Marcus has been sent from the future or rescued from the past Meanwhile, the Resistance prepares the final attack against the Skynet operations center |
| 2010 | Tron: Legacy | When Sam Flynn, a 27-year-old expert programmer, investigates the disappearance of his father, Kevin Flynn, he suddenly finds himself immersed in a dangerous and wild surreal world, a parallel world where his father has lived for 25 years
With the help of a young woman, father and son embark on a life-or-death journey through a sophisticated cybernetic universe Sequel to the 1982 cult classic |
| 2012 | Prometheus | End of the 21st century
A group of scientists and explorers embark on a space journey of more than two years in the Prometheus ship to a remote, newly discovered planet, where their physical and mental abilities will be put to the test The objective of the mission is to find the answer to the greatest of mysteries: the origin of life on Earth It's a prequel to Alien |
| 2012 | Robot & Frank | In the not too distant future, the integration of robots into human life will make it possible for androids programmed to care for the elderly
That's the solution Hunter and Madison find for their elderly father, a retired jewel thief named Frank, whose memory loss is becoming more frequent as he suffers from dementia Initially distrustful of the robot's presence in his life, Frank accepts his new partner when he discovers that the robot is not programmed to distinguish recreational from criminal activities, and that it can help him open locks After teaching him how to do it quickly, he takes him to the library, where they commit a crime to win the librarian's affection: they steal an old copy of Don Quixote de la Mancha, kept locked in a box on the premises, which is becoming a a community space because the public is no longer interested in print media Frank's daughter, Madison, learns of the robot's abilities and returns home to convince her father to get rid of the machine because she finds its use ethically questionable |
| 2013 | Her | In the near future, Theodore, a lonely man about to get divorced who works in a company as a letter writer for third parties
One day buy a new operating system based on the Artificial Intelligence model, designed to satisfy all user needs To his surprise, a romantic relationship is created between him and Samantha, the female voice of that operating system |
| 2014/td> | RoboCop | In the year 2028, the multinational company OmniCorp dominates robotics technology
Their robots have won all kinds of wars outside the United States and now they want to test them inside the country For his part, Alex Murphy, a Detroit police officer, tries to put an end to the crime wave that is sweeping the city When Alex is seriously injured in the line of duty, OmniCorp uses its knowledge of robotic science to save him and also to give him extraordinary abilities that will allow him to face unusual problems |
| 2014 | Automata | In the year 2044, increasing solar storms have turned the Earth's surface into a radioactive desert, reducing the human population to 21 million people
Survivors have built robots, called “pilgrims,” to help them rebuild the camp in hostile environments These robots have two unalterable protocols: they must preserve life, and they cannot modify themselves Originally seen as the salvation of humanity, robots were revered However, when they could not stop the advance of desertification they were relegated to labor and domestic servitude Jacq Vaucan, an insurance agent for a robotics company, investigates a seemingly routine case when he discovers something that could have decisive consequences for the future of humanity |
| 2009 | Terminator Genisys | The year 2032 passes
The war of the future is being fought and a group of human rebels have the artificial intelligence system Skynet on the ropes John Connor is the leader of the resistance, and Kyle Reese is his faithful soldier, raised in the ruins of a post-apocalyptic California To safeguard the future, Connor sends Reese back to 1984 to save his mother, Sarah, from a Terminator programmed to kill her lest she give birth to John But what Reese finds on the other side is not what he expected |
| 2015 | Ex Machina | Nathan, a billionaire programmer with a reputation for being reclusive, selects Caleb, a young employee at his company, to spend a week with him in a remote location in the mountains to participate in a test involving his latest creation: Ava, a robot-woman in which artificial intelligence is everything |
| 2016 | Lo and Behold: Reveries of the Connected World | It is a documentary film where Werner Herzog examines the constantly evolving past, present and future of the Internet
NetScout, a global leader in cybersecurity and real-time protection services, came on board as a producer and introduced a new world to Herzog, who conducted a series of original interviews with pioneers and prophets of cyberspace such as Elon Musk (co-founder of PayPal and Tesla), Bob Kahn (inventor of the IP or internet protocol) or the famous hacker Kevin Mitnick These provocative conversations reveal how the digital world has transformed the way virtually everything works in the real world, from business to education, space travel, healthcare to how we manage our personal relationships The “lo” in the original title refers to the first message sent through cyberspace, between computers at UCLA and Stanford University, on October 29, 1969 |
| 2017 | Alien: Covenant | During a journey through space to a remote planet on the other side of the galaxy to colonize it, the crew of the ship "Covenant" discovers a signal from what they believe may be an uncharted paradise, which turns out to be a dark and hostile world
Sequel to “Prometheus” |
| 2017 | Blade Runner 2049 | Thirty years after the events of the first film, a new blade runner, K discovers a deeply hidden secret that could end the chaos that prevails in society
K's discovery leads him to begin the search for Rick Deckard, a Blade Runner who was lost track of 30 years ago |
| 2017 | Ghost in the Shell | It is based on the 1995 Japanese anime of the same title
In a futuristic Japan, the young Motoko Kusanagi, also known as “the Major” Mira Killian, is the leader of the elite operational group, Section 9, whose objective is to fight against cyberterrorism and technological crimes In command of this covert operations unit is Aramaki, and Batou stands out, a former military man considered one of the group's wildest agents But, after a dangerous mission, Kusanagi's body is damaged, and she undergoes a surgical operation to transplant her brain into a robotic body This new artificial body will allow him to be able to perform superhuman feats especially required for his job |
| 2018 | Upgrade | After seeing how his wife is murdered after an accident that leaves him paraplegic, mechanic Gray Trace undergoes an operation that allows him to walk again so he can avenge his wife
That “upgrade” consists of cybernetic implants, which are controlled by an artificial intelligence called STEM, which convinces Gray to allow him to take full control of his body so he can carry out his revenge in a safe and efficient way |
| 2019 | Terminator: Dark Fate | Sarah Connor and Grace, a cyborg-human hybrid, must protect a young girl from Rev-9, a new Terminator from the future |
| 2019 | I Am Mother | A teenage girl is raised underground by a robot mother designed to repopulate Earth after a mass extinction event
The inexplicable arrival of a blood-soaked woman threatens this bond, questioning everything the girl was taught about the outside world She begins to explore the nature of the robot and discovers the truth of her mother's great mission |
| 2021 | The Matrix Resurrections | Neo lives a normal life in San Francisco while his therapist prescribes him blue pills
Until Morpheus offers him the red pill and opens his mind to the world of the Matrix again |
| 2021 | Finch | The story follows a robot who lives in a post-apocalyptic earth
Created to protect the life of its creator's dog, Finch, a robotics engineer, who is sick and dying The robot learns about love, friendship and the meaning of human life |
| 2022 | M3GAN | M3GAN is a marvel of artificial intelligence, a realistic doll programmed to be the best companion for children and the greatest ally for parents
Designed by Gemma, M3GAN is able to listen, observe and learn while becoming a friend, teacher, playmate and protector of the child with whom it is attached When Gemma unexpectedly becomes the legal guardian of Cady, her 9-year-old orphaned niece, she doesn't really know what to do nor does she feel prepared to be a mother Under intense work stress, Gemma decides to link her M3GAN prototype to Cady in an attempt to solve both problems, but it will not take long for her to discover the unimaginable consequences of her decision |
Goals
Reasoning and problem solving
Early researchers developed algorithms that mimicked the step-by-step reasoning that humans use when solving puzzles or making logical deductions
By the late 1981-1990s, artificial intelligence research had developed methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts of probability and economics
These algorithms proved insufficient to solve large reasoning problems because they experienced a “combinatorial explosion”: they became exponentially slower as the problems grew
In this way, it was concluded that humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early artificial intelligence research followed; instead, they solve most of their problems using quick, intuitive judgments
Knowledge representation
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are fundamental to classical artificial intelligence research
Some “expert systems” attempt to compile the knowledge that experts have in a specific field
Additionally, other projects attempt to assemble the “common sense knowledge” known to the average person into a database that contains extensive knowledge about the world
Among the topics that a common sense knowledge base would contain are: objects, properties, categories and relationships between objects, situations, events, states and time, causes and effects; and knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what what other people know) among others
Planning
Another objective of artificial intelligence is to be able to set goals and finally achieve them
To do this, they need a way to visualize the future, a representation of the state of the world, and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it, in order to make decisions that maximize the utility (or “value”) of the available options
In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only system that acts in the world, which allows it to be sure of the consequences of its actions
However, if the agent is not the only actor, then it is required that the agent be able to reason under uncertainty.
This requires an agent that can not only evaluate its environment and make predictions, but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its evaluation
Multi-agent planning uses the cooperation and competition of many systems to achieve a given goal
Emergent behavior like this is used by evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence
Learning
Machine learning is a fundamental concept of artificial intelligence research since the beginning of studies in this field; consists of the research of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience
Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in an input stream, without requiring a human to label the inputs first
Supervised learning includes classification and numerical regression, which requires a human to first label the input data
Classification is used to determine which category something belongs to and occurs after a program looks at several examples of input from various categories
Regression is the attempt to produce a function that describes the relationship between inputs and outputs and predicts how the outputs should change as the inputs change
Both classifiers and regression learners try to learn an unknown function
For example, a spam classifier can be seen as learning a function that assigns the text of an email to one of two categories, "spam" or "non-spam"
Computational learning theory can assess students by computational complexity, sample complexity (how much data is required), or by other notions of optimization
The world is constantly evolving, and tools like ChatGPT are at the center of this transformation
While many people see ChatGPT as an opportunity to improve their business or personal experience, there are those who are skeptical about its implementation
Natural language processing
Natural language processing allows machines to read and understand human language
A sufficiently effective natural language processing system would enable natural language user interfaces and the acquisition of knowledge directly from human-written sources, such as news texts
Some simple applications of natural language processing include information retrieval, text mining, question answering, and machine translation
Many approaches use word frequencies to construct syntactic representations of text
"Keyword detection" search strategies are popular and scalable, but sub-optimal; A search query for "dog" can only match documents that contain the literal word "dog" and lose a document with the word "poodle"
Statistical language processing approaches can combine all of these strategies, as well as others, and often achieve acceptable accuracy at the page or paragraph level
Beyond the processing of semantics, the ultimate goal of this is to incorporate a complete understanding of common sense reasoning
In 2019, transformer-based deep learning architectures could generate coherent text
Perception
Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as visible or infrared cameras, microphones, wireless signals, and lidar, sonar, radar, and touch sensors) to understand aspects of the world
Applications include voice recognition, facial recognition and object recognition
Computer vision is the ability to analyze visual information, which is often ambiguous
For example, a fifty-meter-tall giant pedestrian very far away can produce the same pixels as a normal-sized pedestrian nearby
Which requires artificial intelligence to judge the relative probability and reasonableness of different interpretations
For example, defining and using an “object model” to evaluate that fifty meter pedestrians do not exist